Procedures And The Afterlife, Ancient Egypt - 1686 Words

Funerary Procedures and the Afterlife, of Ancient Egypt In this paper I will plan to discuss in detail the funerary procedures that were used in ancient Egypt. I will pay particular attention as to how the Idea of the afterlife influenced many of the traditions in ancient Egypt that we know think of today. In surveying their beliefs on the afterlife we will begin to get a better picture as to how these ideas affected almost all aspects of their ancient culture, and indeed had impacts on neighboring cultures. I will take a look at what aspects of their religious mythology lead them to these traditions and why its observation was so key to their society. I will then approach much of this essay through the lens of Humanities. We will look at several artifacts that show us the about of craftsmanship and detail needed to continue their quest to the afterlife. We will look at how these beliefs shaped everything from their stunning architecture, which has inspired cultures for thousands of years, to the mummification of the royalty and the priest. I believe that understanding this material will allow us to better understand the motivations of the people who lived through this time. It will allow us to understand what motivated these people to achieve so much in their time. It is through this study into humanities that the ancient Egyptians go from being a mysterious culture that amazes us to humans who shared many of our struggles and fears. We will look at a few pieces ofShow MoreRelatedProcedures And The Afterlife, Ancient Egypt2023 Words   |  9 PagesFinal Art Essay Funerary Procedures and the Afterlife, of Ancient Egypt In this paper I will plan to discuss in detail the funerary procedures that were used in ancient Egypt. I will pay particular attention as to how the Idea of the afterlife influenced many of the traditions in ancient Egypt that we now think of today. In surveying their beliefs on the afterlife we will begin to get a better picture as to how these ideas affected almost all aspects of their ancient culture, and indeed had impactsRead MoreMy New Journey At Kiaria O. Brown Mortuary Inc. Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesto travel to Port Said, Egypt for Queen Nefertiti Ancient Egyptian Funerary. As the team conduct normal procedures before the day start, I prepare to get the necessary tools to prep the deceased for mummification, the most important process we have to commence after a person has died. Ms. Nefertiti would be buried in paradise known as The Field of Reeds, where her soul would be tested. The Field of Reeds is known to the Egyptians as A’aru, which they believed the aft erlife of the eternal soul wereRead MoreAncient Egypt: From Belief Systems to a Civilization858 Words   |  4 PagesCulture is the basis of any society present on our earth today and therefore of any ancient civilization we have historically come to know. Culture may simply be defined as a â€Å"way of life† but in essence, that can be disembodied into a collection of belief systems based on religion, economy, politics, family, and so on. As with construction companies, schools, or government systems, all people who choose to follow a specific philosophy of life must function as one undivided group- a society. A primeRead MoreEgyptian Religion and Immortality Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pageslife after death. This sculpture can show you this on how mummification gave upbringing to complex arts in ancient Egypt. The sculpture is the Mummy Case of Paankhenamun. The artwork is currently viewed at The Art Institute of Chicago. The sculpture was from the third period, Dynasty 22, in ancient Egypt. However, the sculpture has many features to it that makes it so unique in ancient Egypt from any other time. Egyptians did not want to die. They saw no reason why life should not go on when theyRead MoreAncient Egypt : The Nile River1287 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Egypt Unified in around 3100 BC, Ancient Egyptians developed one of the best known cultures in this world. Egypt, like many other civilizations before and after it, depended and relied on geography and natural landforms to flourish. The most important of these was the Nile. The Nile River is the longest river in the world, spanning over 4,000 miles long. It runs from Central Africa and north to the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptians developed on a 750-mile stretch of the Nile. EveryRead MoreAchievements and Weaknesses of the Middle Kingdom and Its Downfall1316 Words   |  6 PagesIn Ancient Egypt, the Middle Kingdom is seen as one of its finest ages. This is because it was a time of ‘expanding political strength’ and ‘broader economic horizons’[1]. Generally thought to be from approximately 2000 B.C. to 1780 B.C.,[2] it was during the Twelfth Dynasty that Egyptians opened a wide trade amongst other countries, improved agricultural systems, fortified and expanded Egyptian borders with a strong military reputation, and explore the arts and literature to a depth which EgyptiansRead MoreAncient Civilizations And The Egyptian Civilization1403 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam McNeill, author of A World History, is in accordance with the belief that ancient civilizations who were in constant contact with conflict and war could develop a more advanced system of law, bureaucracy, and market prices. By that logic, Mesopotamia would have been far more advanced than Egypt. For example, Mesopotamia frequented attacks from barbarians because of the lay of the land. They also had trouble controlling war between centers of industry due to th e inevitable struggle with theRead MoreThe Afterlife Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesfar to what it means today. I would like to journey back in time to what death meant in the days of which Herodotus traveled. Herodotus journeyed from his home, Greece, to the land of the Egyptians. There he looks at mummification, a death ritual in Egypt with a Greek perspective. I would like to examine the similarities and differences between the Greeks and Egyptian death rituals through comparing their meaning of death, processes of burial, and their journey through death. Before we can look atRead MoreImagery Of Amulets : The Eye Of Horus, Or Wedjet ( Fig )1857 Words   |  8 Pagesthe excavated Ancient Egyptian tombs, such as that of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen of the 18th dynasty. It is clear these amulets played a crucial role in the mummification process. One of the most well known and intricately defined amulets is the Eye of Horus. It has an extensive religious meaning as well as a thorough and complex belief system to support its importance. The story behind the Eye of Horus has been the greatest influence behind the famous funerary processes of Ancient Egypt. The Eye ofRead MoreThe Distribution Of Power Throughout Old Kingdom Egypt And The First Intermediate Period1436 Words   |  6 PagesVCE Ancient History Unit 2 Historical Enquiry Explain the distribution of power in Old Kingdom Egypt and the first intermediate period, the social, political, and economic reasons for the constructors of pyramids, and Egyptian belief concerning the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza are considered to be three of the world’s most fascinating and astonishing archaeological marvels. On the edge of modern-day Cairo stands the plateau of Giza, on which these extraordinary pyramids were constructed

Juvenile Delinquency And The Social Control Theory

Juvenile delinquency is very prevalent especially among adolescents because studies have shown that during the time of adolescence that is when delinquency tends to increase and once adolescence has passed at about 17 years of age then it tends to decrease (Adolescent Delinquency, 2002). There are many factors that can contribute to the increase of delinquency during adolescence, some of the factors can be personality, mental disorders, genetics, economic status, environment, family, and culture among others, also to understand better the causes of juvenile delinquency the social control theory is the best theory to explain juvenile delinquency as a whole (Adolescent Delinquency, 2002). When it comes to juvenile delinquency an adolescent personality is usually impacted from different factors such as early child hood experiences of witnessing a crime, seeing a violent act, being the victim of a crime, or being around others or family who engaged in criminal activity, these factors can either create an adolescent with a positive or negative attitude, or an anti-social behavior which could create a path for a delinquent behavior (Wilson, p. 34). A study has shown that family interactions accounts for about 40 percent of the cause of an adolescent with an anti-social behavior, the study also shown that aggressiveness which is a common trait of adolescent who engage in delinquent acts is usually created from peer influences (Wilson, p. 34). Mental health disorders makesShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency And How It Is Social Control Theory, Labeling, And Crime Essay2360 Words   |  10 PagesJuvenile Delinquency and How it Relates to Social Control Theory, Labeling Perspective, Aggressiveness and Crime Pat Akers Howard Payne University Abstract This paper explores three topics (Social Control Theory, Labeling Perspective, Aggressiveness and Crime) and explores how they relate through Juvenile Delinquency. Social Control Theory is what occurs when young adults do not have a good foundational upbringing from their parents and as such, they will tend to stray into more deviant behaviorsRead MoreSocial And Social Learning Theory1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe Social Learning Theory is best defined as crime is learned through associations with others who commit crimes. Juveniles are very impressionable or gullible, wherein they want to be popular or part of the in-crowd or clique. In comparison to the 1970’s versus today, juveniles are emulating criminals depicted on television not just through associations. Consider the current state of technology, specifically the internet and websites such as â€Å"You Tube.† With respect to crime and juvenile delinquentsRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Cause Juvenile Delinquen cy1156 Words   |  5 PagesNeglect cause Juvenile Delinquency Strain theory describes the idea that there are certain events and conditions in an individual’s life that are disliked and involve the inability to achieve goals, loss of positively valued stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli (Brezina and Agnew). Child neglect and abuse can be described by this theory, and often is, because of its elements and the effect it has on children. Before the idea of child abuse and neglect causing juvenile delinquency can be arguedRead MoreContributing Factors to Juvenile Delinquency1620 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, according to Agnew and Brezina, is the violation of the law by a minor which is any persons under the age of 18 in most states. There are many contributing factors to juvenile delinquency such as domestic issues or stress at school, and there are also four different theories, strain, social learning, control, and labeling, to explain the different prospective of why it is thought that juveniles commence in deli nquent behavior. This particular discussion however, is going toRead MoreThe General Strain Theory Of Female Delinquency1253 Words   |  6 Pagestheories. A major theory used to explain female delinquency is the general strain theory (GST). According to Bartollas, â€Å"GST explains female delinquency by contending that many females experience harsh discipline, parental rejection, peer abuse, negative secondary school experience, homelessness, and a strong need for money;† these strains can cause females to cope through delinquent behavior (73). The social learning theory also explains female delinquency as â€Å"some females tend to associate withRead MoreWhy People Commit The Crime Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesCriminological theory is the explanation of criminal behavior, as well as the behavior of juveniles, attorneys, prosecutors, judges, correctional personnel, victims, and other actors in the criminal justice process. Criminological theory is important because mos t of what is done in criminal justice is based on criminological theory, whether we or the people who propose and implement policies based on the theory know it or not. In criminology, examining why people commit the crime is very importantRead MoreThe Main Finding Is Thus That The Variable â€Å"Adoptee† Is1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe main finding is thus that the variable â€Å"adoptee† is a risk factor for delinquency for Danish-born adoptees and stepchildren, but not for adopted immigrants. (Laubjerg, 367). They then eliminated the country of origin to see what would happen, and they found that the risk of delinquency increased which proves that it is origin that causes the risk of delinquency. The immigration and the adoption is not what brings about the risk. Danish adoptees greater than 12 months at adoption and stepchildrenRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Delinquency1652 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency Everyday we read in the newspaper or watch T.V and hear news of crimes committed by Juveniles. With all of the crime being reported by the media about juveniles, one can’t help but wonder if all of our nation’s youth are juvenile delinquents. Although there are many cases where the juvenile did not commit a serious crime, there are others where the crime is so bad the juvenile court system tries the juvenile as an adult. Instead of seeking help for the individual, our justiceRead MoreThe Relationship Between Social Class and Delinquency Essays1498 Words   |  6 Pagespreconceived notions regarding the relationship between social class and delinquency. A common assumption is that lower-class juveniles are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than their higher-class counterparts. Criminologists have performed a large number of studies examining the socio-demographic characteristics of delinquents, which often yielded contradictory results. When analyzing the e xtent and trend of juvenile delinquency in the United States conclusions can be drawn from estimatesRead More Juvenile Crime and Socio Economic Factors Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesCrime at any age and in any form is a social problem and should be stopped or curbed at any cost. Crime at a juvenile age is on one hand a crime against property and life, and on the other a crime against humanity. It is a much graver social danger that holds the seed of an evident social disaster implanted into it. Criminologists hold different views regarding the root of juvenile crime and that often leads into quite the argument. Irrespective of those theoretical head on collisions, the presence

Standard vs. Automatic Compare Contrast Essay Free Essays

Jacob Phaneuf 10-20-12 Eng 101 (Compare Contrast) When buying a new car, many people do not stop to think about what kind of transmission that they would like. While most cars today come in automatic versions, there are also five and six speed standard transmissions available on most car models. While certain people may not even know how to drive a standard transmission, it is not the popular choice, but for the people who enjoy using both feet to drive there is always the option. We will write a custom essay sample on Standard vs. Automatic Compare Contrast Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now While most cars on the road today are automatics there are still ups and downs to both transmissions, standards may last longer, but automatics are easier to use and more convenient. Standards are usually sportier then the everyday persons automatic car, but they can also save on gas, and can be a little quicker compared to the same exact same automatic transmission model. While driving a standard can be a nightmare for some, others enjoy this feeling very much. Being able to drive with two feet is a very odd thing to be able to get used to, and also having a third pedal. This added third pedal is called a clutch, and must be pressed every time the vehicle switches gears, where as in a automatic the transmissions switches gears unnoticeably and requires no action from the driver. While having the control to be able to tell a vehicle what gear to go into when ever you want too, gives the car a much sportier feel, but also makes the vehicle a lot more fun to drive and also a little quicker off the start. Driving a standard is only for certain people though, while to others it may seem easy, learning to drive a standard can be a difficult task and if not done right can result in stalling or even permanent car damages. Having many things to remember to do while driving a car can be a frustrating thing to have to do, but thankfully there are automatic transmissions, which has many more conveniences and is much easier to use and drive then a standard car. Driving an automatic requires only one-foot operation and a computer does all the gear switching electronically. Automatics are the most popular choice when purchasing a car, because they are so simple, easy, and can also be fun to drive. While driving a standard can be a lot more fun, it can also be a lot more stressful considering there are things to always be aware of. Staling is something that is very easy to do and can happen for a few reasons, the clutch was released too quickly, or the transmission was left in gear when the clutch was removed. Also traffic can be a very stressfully thing to deal with in a standard because of the constant use of two feet moving every time the car must move forward. Hills can also be a major challenge for even the most experienced standard transmission drivers. When on a hill, the vehicle will be able to roll backwards until the driver has successfully engaged first gear, but stalling is still a great possibility and can cause big problems for an inexperienced driver. When it comes to choosing the right transmission, be sure you will be able to drive the vehicle the proper way, if not then at least have a person available to teach the proper ways. While both transmissions are great ways to drive, one driver may prefer one over the other, they both drive differences but will both get you to the same place. The only major difference to remember is that a standard transmission can be a lot more work, and the driver has to be ready to deal with the frustrations of a standard transmission. Happy driving! How to cite Standard vs. Automatic Compare Contrast Essay, Essay examples

Case Study about the Contract of Sale Between Alan and Ben

Question: Case study about the contract of sale between Alan and Ben. Answer: Elements of a Valid Contract In the given case circumstance there is contract of sale between Alan and Ben, there are five essential elements to form a contract that is valid in nature; these five elements are (i) offer, (ii) acceptance, (iii) consideration, (iv) intention to create a legal relation and (v) legal capacity. Figure: 1: Elements of a valid contract (Source: Created by Author) Legal capacity is an essential element of a valid contract meaning thereby a person who is a minor (in Singapore from March 3009 the age of the minor is 18 years) or a person who is incapacitated mentally cannot form a valid contract. In the given case of Ben and Alan, it has been mentioned that Alan is an avid drinker, therefore, it is not possible for Alan to be minor and it is assumed that he has attained the legal age. Therefore Alan being the offeree is an adult. On the other hand, Ben who is the offeror is an employee though the legal working age in Singapore is 14 years however it has not been stated in the case study that Ben is a minor. Therefore an assumption is made that he has attained the legal age. Further it can also be noted from the situation that both Ben and Alan are not mentally incapacitated since Ben was able to explain to Alan the drinks that were available with him and Alan was able to put forth the specific preference that was required by him with respect to the drinks and was able to carry the whole transaction out without any issues. Thus since they have both attained legal age and both are not incapacitated legally they would hence be bound by the contract formed between them. For there to exist a valid contract there needs to be an offer, the offer is an expression which is defined as the willingness of a person to contract with terms that are specific. Further, these terms have been made with the intention of the same becoming binding as soon as the parties accept it. This party to whom the offer is being made is the offeree. There are three basic requirements an offer (i) that the offer must contain the exchange terms, (ii) there should be an indication that the person is willing to make such an offer ("Offeror) to have the contractual terms be binding on him and (iii) the offeree is conferred with the power to bind the contract of the offeror so that the same cannot be withdrawn from the latter once the offeror has accepted it. It was opined in the Pharmaceuticals Society of Great Britains case that the displayed products of a shop are there for being chosen by the customer however an offer is made only when the customer offers to buy such products. In the case between Ben and Alan, Alan who wants to buy liquor goes to Bens store where the same has been put on display. Thus this was an invitation to treat since he had gone to the store and was observing the various types of liquor that were on display. The offeror, Ben made to the offerree Alan a countr offer with respect to buying of Russian distilled thus leading to the initial treat to offer being nullified. Though, Alan insisted on buying only vodka that was Russian distilled and Ben the offeror assured him that the vodka would satisfy his requirement. In the Bannermans case it was opined Schawel vs. Reade it had been held that where it has been indicated to the representor by the representee the statements importance the same would be held to term, i.e. there has been communication of term that is specific in nature. Thus there has been a specific preference that has been made by Alan to Ben which Ben as assured at the time of negotiation to be the product that Alan had asked for thereby offer was made in furtherance of this intention. This offer was then accepted by Alan and consideration paid for the three bottles of vodka which was bought. There was acknowledgment of the same by way of receipt. Thus there has been a valid offer and acceptance in the given situation and also there was an intention of creating a legal relationship. There was consideration also paid for the products bought. Also either Ben or Alan was legally incapacitated to enter into the contract. Therefore all the elements of contract are present making it a valid. However in the given case the quality of the product was assured by Ben at the time of purchase however the consequences of this product proved to be dangerous hence there was misrepresentation of Bens part. Therefore since it was through misrepresentation that the contract was induced the same maybe set aside. The Sale of Goods Act Ben is a salesman at a shop that sells liquor, he sold Alan either by mistake or purposely alcohol that was illicit in nature. In the case of Rowland vs. Divall it was opined that when possession of a good is by any means that illegal or illicit then the same is not justifiable. Where there is description of the goods to be sold then under Section 13 it is an implied condition that the goods are required to correspond to such description. This section is concerned not with the quality but the description of the product (Arcos v Ranaason [1933] AC 470). Thus the section 13(1) of the Sale of Goods Act (The Act) would be attracted since Alan had insisted on vodka that was Russian distilled and Ben had assured that it was what Alan had asked for however the description did not correspond with what was actually given to Alan. Though there can be an assumption which can be made that since Ben is only a sales person he might have sold this liquor unintentionally. Since it is not possible to make out with naked eyes if there is any fault in the product, further it was not until Alan and his friends drank that the fault was realized. Further section 13 cannot be relied upon in the cases where the products have been actually viewed by the buyer (Harlington Leinster v Christopher Hull Fine Art [1991] 1 QB 564). Thus as per section 14(2A) the product meets the satisfactory quality under Section 14(2B) since any reasonable man would have concluded the same (Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Ltd ([2006] SGHC 242, National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd [2007] 2 SLR(R) 1048). The Sale of Goods Act (SGA) states that the quality of products is an essential requirement that needs to be met, by the products that are being sold, under section 14(2A). The standard of this is that which would be regarded as satisfactory by any reasonable person under the same situation ("Ch.09 Domestic Sale of Goods", 2016). Safety of the product is one of the most essential elements under section 14(2B) that needs to be satisfied (Nair, 1984). However action can be brought under section 14(3) since the product needs to serve the purpose for which it had been purchased. In the case of Frost v. Aylsbury (Frost v. Aylsbury Dairy Co. Ltd., 1905), that the alcohol that was bootleg would defeat the purpose of the product. In the case that there were certain qualities which the buyer had informed to the seller that the goods are required to have then the standards placed are under section 14(3) and these are much higher standard as compared to section 14(2). In this the seller would be liable if the product does not meet the specification as required by the buyer (National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd, 2007). Thus the alcohol which Ben supplied did not satisfy the purpose and hence it actionable under 14(3) An acknowledgment is given by a party to contract in writing that they have received from the person named in the receipt the consideration that has been specified in the receipt. There is an acknowledgment of the receipt sometimes of having received a particular thing and also for doing another thing an agreement. However as far as the receipt goes it is only a prima facie evidence as far as the receipt is considered. Therefore as observed receipt is only a primary evidence of existence of a contract between two parties and not the contract itself therefore in the given example the receipt that was given by Ben to Alan was only an evidence of the contract that exists between them and not the contract itself and it cannot be assumed to be the same. There are three requirements that are required to be fulfilled for a written term to consider as being incorporated in the contract by the court. The first of these requirements is that the notice for the incorporation of the term has to be given either during the agreement or before the agreement of the contract. In the case of Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel(Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel, 1949), it had been established that for considering the incorporation of a term into the contract the notice of the same has to be given either before or during the time of the contract. Therefore since the exclusion clause needs to be informed either prior to the formation or after the contract has been formed in situation of Alan and Ben the clause of exclusion that the products sold are not refundable nor the seller responsible for the safety of the products the same should have been informed to Alan at the time when the contract was being formed which prior to the receipt of consideration or during the formation of the contract and not after the contract had commenced through a receipt. In the case of Parker v. SE Railway Co.(Parker v. SE Railway Co., 1877), the court was put forth the question of law as to whether the clause applied to Mr. Parker. It was found by the jury at trial that it was reaso nable on the part of Mr. Parker to not be reading the ticket which was the receipt. Thus in the case of Ben and Alan the exclusion clause can be only in the receipt and not in the receipt. Another factor which has to be taken into account with respect to an exclusion clause is reasonableness. The statement on the receipt clearly did away with any kind of responsibility of the seller and was very generic in nature. This would lead to the wrongdoings of the seller being limitless thus such an exclusion clause would not be enforceable. As opined in the George Mitchell case (George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds, 1983) that it was not unless the product has been used that the buyer will discover the breach thus such unreasonable clause would be strike down under UCTA section 6(3). The most essential thing that needs to be established for being able to claim under negligence damages is that there was a duty of care that existed and it was this duty of care which had been breached. If there is proximity between the defendant and the plaintiff there will be a duty of care that comes into existence. For establishing of whether there was duty of care that existed, the test of reasonable foreseeability is used. Alan had brought the alcohol was entertainment of his friends thus the friends are neighbors as per the principle since they are affected directly by the act of Ben. There is close proximity between Alans friends and Ben since there is a high likelihood of his friends consuming the alcohol. There will be a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff in the case wherein a harm that might be caused to the plaintiff due to any act or omission of the defendant can be reasonably foreseen. Thus, it this case it become obvious that there has been a breach of duty on the part of Ben for selling liquor that had been obtained through bootlegging and he could have foreseen reasonably the harm that could have been caused by such alcohol(Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). It was also stated further there needs to be reasonable care that needs to be taken for avoiding any kind of acts or omission that can be reasonably foreseen as causing an injury to the neighbor. Under law neighbors are those who are affected directly and closely by a certain act (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). It is to the ultimate customer that duty of care is owed to when it comes to the sale of goods. Thus in the light of the principle of product liability it may be concluded that there was duty of care which w as owed to the neighbors and the ultimate customers for ensuring that no such omission or act is conducted which would have a chance of causing harm. In the given case there had been a breach of duty by Ben for selling alcohol to Alan that was harmful in nature he would be held liable even for the harm that had been caused to the friends of Alan as the relationship is not remote and they are the ultimate consumers. There also exists a relationship between the harm that has been caused to Alan and the negligence of the part of Ben. It is required by the principle of causation that the harm is a condition which is necessary for there being negligence, and it is within the scope of liability of the defendant that the harm is falling. The causation and remoteness issues are tended to separately of which the key is the but for test where the question that is raised is whether the loss could have been sustained but for the defendants negligence. In this regard one of the landmark cases is that of Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington(Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington, 1969). Thus application of this principle in the given situation would indicate that had it not been for the harmful alcohol that Ben provided Alan and his friends would not have fallen sick thus this liability fell within Bens scope. Further action can be brought by Alans friends under the "Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act" Chapter 53B where third party contract terms are enforced. It is under the neighborhood principle that the friends will be able to qualify. References Articles and conditions of building contract.(2011). Singapore. Bannerman vs. White, 10 CBNS 844 (1861). Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington, HMC (1969). Ch.09 Domestic Sale of Goods. (2016).Singaporelaw.sg. Retrieved 4 July 2016, Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Ltd, SGHC 242 (2006). Donoghue v Stevenson, AC 562, 580. (1932). Frost v. Aylsbury Dairy Co. Ltd., 1 KB 608 (1905). George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds, 2 AC 803 (1983). National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd, 2 SLR(R) 1048 (2007). Neyers, J., Bronaugh, R., Pitel, S. (2009).Exploring contract law. Oxford: Hart Pub. Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel, 1 KB 532 (1949). Parker v. SE Railway Co., 2 CPD 416 (1877). Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd., 1 Q.B. 401 (1953). Rowland v. Divall, 2 KB 500 (1923).

Life as a Phone Girl free essay sample

It’s a busy Friday night at work as I stand behind the counter. The phones are ringing every two minutes and I can barely keep up. I’ve only been at work for an hour and already everything is going wrong. Customers are calling to complain, delivery drivers are getting lost, and the kitchen is chaos. But above all, the excitement and stress that my job brings upon me is what I love the most. As a phone girl, I am responsible for interacting with customers and addressing any problems they might have. The phone rings. I answer the call and greet the customer. â€Å"Thank you for calling Rosati’s in Oconomowoc, how can I help you?† â€Å"I came in 20 minutes ago to pick up my order and my pizza is all wrong. I live half an hour away and I am not driving back there to pick up a new one. We will write a custom essay sample on Life as a Phone Girl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What kind of service is this?† Dealing with unhappy customers is not uncommon. I am the one who is yelled at for mistakes that aren’t my fault. I ignore the customer’s angry tone and apologize for the mix up. I give her a credit on her account and I ask if there’s anything else I can do for her. In the midst of answering phone calls, I’m also responsible for carry-out orders. Customers are continuously complaining about how long they must wait for their food to be ready. I politely let them know that I will inform the chef that he needs to finish the order as quick as possible. I’ve learned through my job, if I keep calm and positive, I can achieve and help. I use these characteristics in every aspect of my life and am able to see success in others areas as well.

Moral and Political Justice essays

Moral and Political Justice essays Affirmative action is the nations most ambitious attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination. Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, the policy calls for minorities to be given special consideration in employment, education, and contracting decisions. Institutions with affirmative action policies generally set goals and timetables for increased diversity and use recruitment, set-asides and preference as ways of achieving those goals. Affirmative action is undoubtedly an issue of justice. From this point forward well define justice as it is found in Merriam-Webster: the maintenance and administration of what is just especially by the impartial adjustment of conflicting claims; the assignment of merited rewards or punishments. Furthermore, for the issue to be thoroughly understood we must approach it from both a moral and political perspective. What does it mean to be morally just... politically just? The discrepancy in definition will inevitably be displayed in their determination on the issue. The term moral justice suggests an abstract, idealistic system which bases its rulings on a universal code of morality and ethics. To be moral is to conform to a standard of right behavior, always operating with ethical judgment. One would think this to be a faultless system. Political justice, on the other hand, seems more realistically applicable in human society. Every system of justice is created with the same primary intent- to uphold a nations standard of living. We are granted rights as humans and citizens and are prohibited from inflicting on others rights. This must be the foundation of any system. While moral justice remains consistent and uncompromising, political justice is dependent upon government rule and socio-economic factors. In countries where there exists an oligarchy or dictatorship, justice can be misconstrued to mean whatever proves to be ben ...

Psychology (experiments) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychology (experiments) - Essay Example This depends on the grouping of words according to the system. This is the fundamental step for organization that effects the recalling or retrieving the information. The study of the experiments conducted on 118 under graduate students examined the idea that the organization in memory varies depending on the processing of input. The depth of the processing and the conditions of retrieval will show the effect on the recalling the associates. In this case the memory and the organization are distinguished. The organization of the associates or the words given in the experiment will imply the hierarchical structure. This is due to the grouping of the items according to a system. In case of associative organization the direct links among the members of the group of the words will play the role of organization, effect on memory and recalling. The effort to be encoded during the learning and grasping can be utilized in the effort of remembering than the associative relations. The list of words grouped in the experiment 1 into different categories. Alternatively they can be grouped into associative categories also. This did not happen and only the organ ized and random lists of words were given for the participants. ... The associative and conceptual clustering that are observed gave outputs by tending to increase with the recall trials which is not examined in this case. This can be termed as a limitation in this case. This suggests that the establishment of retrieval scheme is dependent on clustering and organization. In experiment 2 the memorizing is done by video unlike the audio in the first case. As no secondary tasks are allowed, the participants recalled the words either without it. This is relative to the undisturbed recalled condition as the secondary task condition indicates the stronger associative than conceptual clustering. This denotes that the different types of organization of memory are important under different conditions of attention like audio and video.2 The results obtained can be useful in general and medical psychology. The ordinary people and patients can be examined by taking these results as normal conditions. These types of results are useful extremely in treating schizophrenic patients. The comparison of the results to those of the patients will give the extent of the disease. The learning tasks for the patients can be framed according the results based on the above experiments. The duration of the listening and viewing the list was not taken into consideration in the above mentioned and these can be termed as the limitations for the study.3 Hypothesis: The recalling and cognitive behavior depends on the organization and clustering of the data and information. 2. Discussion There are large demands on working memory during text comprehension. The expert performance needs the traditional models of working memory involving temporary storage. These should be extended in order to include the working memory that is

The education of Sparta---Military life Research Paper

The education of Sparta---Military life - Research Paper Example One of many war experiences was the Dorian invasion which had played a great role in the development of the city state of Sparta. The Spartan political system underwent a lot of sociopolitical and military transformations. Around the 7th century BCE it descended from monarchic system to a basic republic political system. From 1050 BCE to 750 BCE, the political culture of Sparta as well as of other Greek city states can be characterized by a type of monarchy which later transformed into aristocratic oligarchy. The military training of a Spartan would start during his or her childhood. But more interestingly, the selection process of a Spartan soldier used to begin before they were born. In this regard they would take the help of Eugenics. During the 7th century BCE, the Spartan city state faced a sociopolitical unrest which was partly the result of the 7th century Lelantine War, a strife among the Greek city states. During this period, the Spartans turned their attention to build up themselves and to conquer others. The foundation of Sparta was its military. As a military state, Sparta could, to a large extent, maintain peace and harmony among their citizens and enabled the Greek to build an army to mitigate the threats from their neighbors. The first and foremost reason why the Spartans depended on their military power was that they were obsessively war-loving people. They loved war so much, that they turned the country into a military camp. Sparta was a prominent city-state, the one that a dominant military country in ancient Greece. It also was one of the strongest polis among the best of battle. The military in this country covered most of the citizens’ life. The City State of Sparta had the most outstanding military forces in the history of ancient civilization. The Spartan soldiers are popular for their valor, dexterity and fighting skill. The Greek culture was very rich. It was superior to most

Manufacturing Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manufacturing Engineering - Essay Example Machine operators working on holonic systems focus their activity on complex problem solving (Oborski & Szafarczyk 2001). Fractal and bionic manufacturing ideas propose manufacturing system performance improvement by stressing work organization factors based on autonomous groups. The human operator also plays a vital role in computer integrated manufacturing (Nagalingam & Lin 1999). All of those new manufacturing engineering paradigms are aimed at creating so-called advanced manufacturing engineering systems. In such systems, several factors are decisive for success: technology, information processing and human factor. Moreover, those factors must coexist together. One of the most crucial and not yet appreciated factors in this combination is the cooperation of technical systems and the human operator. The proposed research will be based on advances in socio-technical approach in Manufacturing Engineering. The socio-technical approach to system design was introduced by the Tavistock Institute of Human Relation in London in the early nineteen-fifties.

From Cinematic Space To Mental Space

From Cinematic Space To Mental Space Space is an the unlimited three dimensional expanse in which all objects exist or it is the interval of distance and time between two points, objects or events.  [1]   The concept of the term space evolved with time. Initially this term strictly had a geometrical meaning evoking the idea of an empty space which is Euclidean, isotropic, or infinite, basically a mathematical concept.  [2]   Physical space is often conceived in three linear dimensions, although modern physicist usually consider it with time to be a part of the boundless four dimensional continuum known as Space-time.  [3]   According to the Wikipedia information, the concept of space has been discussed throughout history. Plato has discussed about this concept of space in one of his treatise Timaeus, where he reflects on what the Greek called: Chora/ Khora (that is space). Aristotle has dealt with space in Book IV, Delta, in the definition of topos which means place. In a discourse on place (Qawl fi al makan) by the eleventh century Arab Polymath Ibn al _Heythum (Alhazan) discusses geometrical conceptions of place as space qua extension. Aristotelian tradition had held that space and time were those categories which facilitated the naming and the classing of the evidence of the senses. On the other hand, the thinker, Descartes was taken to be important in shaping the concept of space and the key to its matured form. According to most historians of the Western thoughts, he has brought an end to the Aristotelian tradition. As the Cartesian logic evolved, space was considered to be absolute. It became dominant containing both the subject and the object. Science and mathematics has defined this concept of space in their own way respectively and later even the philosophers. Some scholars has studied and analyzed the relationship of time and space. The metaphysicist Immanuel Kant defined space and time as elements of systematic framework that humans use to structure their experience. In his Critique of Pure Reason, he said that space is a subjective pure a priori form of intuition. Therefore its existence depends on the human faculties.  [4]   The Kantian space has revived and revised the old notion of space. Here space is relative, a tool of knowledge, and a means of classifying phenomenon, separated from the empirical sphere. It has a transcendental and ungraspable structure.  [5]   According to Henri Lefebvre, the mathematicians, quite contrary to philosophy, has identified space as Non-Euclidean spaces, curved spaces, x-dimensional spaces( even spaces with an infinity of dimensions), spaces of configuration, abstract spaces , spaces defined by deformations or transformation, by the topology and so on.  [6]   Though the mathematicians has defined and constructed the term spaces, classifying in various ways and measured them, what philosophy did as Leonardo da Vinci had said, is that it helped in the formation of the mental thing that is the mental space. According to Isaac Newton space exists independently and permanently even without the presence of any object in it and therefore it is absolute. On the other hand naturalist philosophers thought that space was a collection of relations between objects given by their distance and direction from one another. The 18th century philosopher and theologian George Berkely attempted to refute the visibility of spatial depth in his essay Towards a new theory of vision. Initially time and space was viewed as independent dimensions. Einsteins discoveries showed that due to relativity of motion, our space and time can be mathematically combined into one object space-time. One can freely move in space but not time. In the middle of the 19th century, psychology first began to study the way space is perceived. Psychologists analyzed the perception of space and were concerned about how the recognition of an objects physical appearance or its interactions is perceived. The philosophy of space and time are inspirations to and central aspect of early analytic philosophy. There are questions related to whether time and space exist independently of the mind and each other. From the theory of logic, space has transcended to nature, practice and theories of social life which unfolds in space.  [7]   The modern field of enquiry has the notion that space has acquired the view of mental thing or mental space. This concept of mental space has no generalization and even no clear account. We hear of different spaces like literary space, ideological spaces, the space of the dream, psychoanalytic topologies etc. Michel Foucault said that knowledge (savoir) is also the space in which the subject may take up a position and speak of the object with which he deals with in his discourse.  [8]   But he neither explained the spaces nor defined their distinctions. The linguist Naom Chomsky has given the idea that a mental space has certain specific properties with orientations and symmetries but completely ignores the gap between linguistic mental space and social space. Lefebvre believed that the modern thinkers had fetishized the philosophico-epistemological notion of space and that the mental realm envelopes the social and physical ones. The quasi-logical presupposition of an identity between mental space (the space of the philosopher and epistemologists) and the real space creates a gulf between the mental sphere on one side and the physical and social spheres on the other. He said that there cannot be a fixed knowledge of space and without it we transfer to a level of discourse-the level of mental space a large portion of the attributes and properties of what is actually social space. Between the sixteenth and nineteenth century, he said that space was not only read but there existed a code which is architectural, urbanistic and political, with a specific language which is common to all strata of people. He said that anything like leisure, work, play, transportation etc., can be spoken of in the spatial terms in an artists or writers world. Therefore there is an indefinite multitude of space around us. He questions whether space can be nothing more than the passive locus of social relations. In general he talks about three kinds of spaces: 1. The physical space nature, the cosmos. 2. The mental space with its logical and formal abstractions. 3. The social space. What he is concerned with is the logico-epistemological space, the space of social practice, the space occupied by sensory phenomenon, including products of imagination such as projects and projections, symbols and utopias.  [9]   There are certain specializations of space. When we think of a space, we are immediately concerned with what occupies the space and how it does so along with the energy present within the space. Without energy, the physical space has no reality. This space is always associated with time. space considered in isolation is an empty abstraction.  [10]   According to Fred Hoyles theory, space is a product of energy. Henri says that multiplicity of particular spaces, yet diverse are offered by this universe. Apart from the concept of physical space, mental space and social space, he dealt with the minute elements in space like ideal space related to mental space and real space associated with social space These two spaces are in a way related to each other. He said that philosophy has played an important role in the development of the abstract (metaphysical) representations of space, where the Cartesian notion of space became significant due to its homogeneous, isotropic character which helped it to become absolute and infinite and divine. But space is even beyond this. Plato talks about the cosmic space, where the space of the city is a reflection of the Cosmos. Literature too reveals different spaces to us. But the problem is that the space here is enclosed, described, projected, dreamt off and speculated about. When we talk of a particular space, we distinguish it and not isolate it. Various kinds of space comes together to produce a space. In relation of language, Henri questions whether a language follows or accompanies a social space. Many people have explored space in different ways. In his work, George Bastille has played with the space on inner experience on one hand and the space of physical nature on the other and social space. Through Hegelian viewpoint, space is considered to be a product and residue of historical time. Though Hegel had the idea of a concrete universe. Social space is a social product and when produced serves as a tool for thought and action. As said by many thinkers, it is difficult to distinguish social space as distinct from mental space and even physical space. Every society produces a space of its own. The Asiatic mode of production of space is different from the Western mode. There are multitudes of intersection in space. The way certain spaces are represented by the society, lead to the representations of space. Representational spaces on the other hand deals with spaces associated with its images and symbols. These spaces represent something of their own. It overlay the physical space, making symbolic use of its objects. Even though they are abstract, the representations of space, has a role in social and political practice. They have a role to play in the established relations between objects and people, following certain rules. This is not the case of representational spaces. It is filled with symbolic and imaginary elements. According to Henri Lefebvre, a psychoanalyst or anthropologists are students of representational spaces. Childhood memories, dreams are all part of this representational space. The gap between representations of space and representational spaces is culture. Therefore what can be concluded is that the producers of space are related to the representations of space while the users of a space are related to their representational space. Here I conclude that space with its original and represented identity occupies a part of our physical and mental self and even helps in the identification of these self. Each physical space creates a mental space, a space with certain intimate values. A house can be used for the phenomenological study of the intimate values of space.  [11]  All inhabited space bears the essence of the notion of home. Thoughts and experience is not the only thing that sanctions human values. We will deal more with this later in the thesis. After dealing with the basic idea of space with the help of the views and ideas of Henri Lefebvre, I want to connect this idea of the concept of space in dealing with the cinematic space. Cinematic space is the represented space, selected, manipulated and projected as a finite field of vision.  [12]  As Henri Lefebvre has said that it depends on the producers of space. This space is what we see on the screen. This screen space is marked by a frame which acts like the borders in a painting. It is geometric and represents the space that we see on the screen. In this way it divides the screen space into onscreen and off-screen spaces. The frame acts as a window connecting u to the film space and on the other hand separating the space we inhabit from the film space.  [13]  We the spectators look through the frame. According to Gilles Deleuse, the cinematic frame is a relatively closed system Which includes everything which is present in the image ­- sets characters and props framing  [14]  . The frame acts as a system providing us with all the information regarding the image and all these information acts like a data which are known as the elements in the frame. Therefore the frame is inseparable from two tendencies towards saturation or towards rarefaction.  [15]   This image that the frame provides is not just to be seen, it is a message, and it gives us certain information, which are produced by the elements present in the frame (these elements are also some information}. This is how the space produces its own language. He said that the frame is a spatial composition of parallels and diagonals, helping to form equilibrium. the frame is conceived as a dynamic construction in act, which is closely linked to the scene, the image, the characters and the objects which fill it.  [16]   The frame cannot be separated from its rigid geometrical boundaries. It has certain limitations. Like many Western painters this has been explored by many film makers like Griffith, Eisenstein. Deleuze said that light too is a subject of geometrical optic, when it is divided into two parts forming light and shadow.  [17]   They help in the making of this space. The presence of objects inside the frame creates secondary and tertiary frames like for example the house, doors, windows, mirror and even a fence. Therefore a frame is never fixed. A gradual progression takes place which is physical and affects the viewers psychologically. Each object inside the frame has something to say, something to express and therefore have a meaning. Here geometrical divisions in the frame becomes insignificant. The framing angle is also an important characteristic of the frame. Deleuze said the frame is related to an angle of framing. This is because the closed set is itself an optical system which refers to a point of view on the set of parts. Of course the point of view can be or appear to be bizarre or paradoxical: the cinema shows extraordinary points of view at ground level or from high or low, from low to high, etc. but they seem to be subject to a pragmatic rule which is not just valid for the narrative cinema: to avoid falling into an empty aestheticism they must be explained ,they must be revealed as normal and regular either from the point of view of a more comprehensive set which includes the first, or from the point of view of an initially unseen, not given element of the first set. give an example if It is here that the frame becomes an optical system, logically justified. But this justification does not always work. In the conclusion of his essay, Deleuze says that the frame finally determines an out-of-field, in the outline of a larger set which extends it or in the figure of the whole into which it is incorporated.  [18]   In the book Republic, Plato talks about two modes of representation which are distinct and opposed to each other. These two modes are mimesis (imitation) and diegesis (narration). Theatre is related to imitation which shows us something whereas novel tells us a story. Cinema on the other hand incorporates both these characteristics.  [19]   In its early years, cinema followed the theatrical mode of representation. Here the frame is tableaux form, static and faces the audience. Therefore the cinema much influenced by the theatrical stage. The camera is static. The character enters the stage, performs and walks out. The camera does not follow the movement of the characters. Hence just fixed in the centre. Traditional theatrical space is an architectural product, where beyond the proscenium it does not exist for the viewers. Classical narrative cinema has transformed this space into an illusorily continuous cinematic space. The cinematic film space is a figurative construction, resulting from medium specific techniques such as framing, camera movement and editing.  [20]  This space is linked to the codes of renaissance perspective, where the property of centering addresses to the subject whose position the space determines. Classical Hollywood cinema gave lot of importance to the use of space. This graphic space of the image, that we see on-screen acts as the vehicle for the narrative development.  [21]  These films created an illusion of reality where the screen became just a transparent object and the frame became invisible. A powerful three dimensional space is represented through the use of lens, lighting, camera movement and angles and other techniques. The space became as important as the narrative structure. So, what is the basic function of the frame? The frame shows us the image and creates an illusion of reality. We already know that the Classical Hollywood films were highly inspired by visual art and as art has evolved, cinema has also evolved gradually taking inspiration from it. Film studio developed, taking inspiration from the workroom of artists and painters. There is a lot of similarity between classical Hollywood cinema and classical novels. Their style is influenced by the post Renaissance painting. Along with centering, the main aspect of this style is balancing, frontality and depth. Here, in the composition of the image, the subject or the character is always in the centre, with all the attentions, in focus. With the coming of the Renaissance period, human thoughts became anthropocentric. It is no more centered on the religion, god. The importance of man as an individual identity instead turned out to be the thought of the period. There was a highlight on the facial expressions and the human body became the centre of attraction other than the narrative. Like in the paintings, a balance is always maintained in the visual composition of the film. The characters are evenly distributed in the film space. Both these technique helps in the progress of the narration. The use of frontality is an influence of the Greek and Roman theatre. Through this technique the narrative action is addressed to the viewers. The depth is established through the use of lighting mainly 3 point lighting (the key, fill back lighting and etc.) and costumes. Sometimes the set is painted in different colour to create the various depths. I think the use of sound to produce an illusion of depth came much later. By the establishment of depth, the film s tries to portray a perspective which is more or less linear, influenced by the ancient Greek Perspective, where the vision is organized around the static monocular observer, and in his vision all the parallel lines recede in the vanishing point. In this way, a personalized space is achieved, trying to conceal the flatness of the film space. The emergence of this classical narrative logic gives rise to cinematic subjectivity and the isolation of the spectator.  [22]   Classical Hollywood cinema places the spectator in an ideal position of intelligibility.  [23]   A film uses onscreen and off screen space to produce the diegetic world. Cinematic off screen space is different from the theatrical off stage space. The off screen film space has a pro filmic reference. The early films of Lumiere a Melies, had camera pointed at the action and remained static for the duration of the action. The early films acknowledged the space outside the frame, for example the workers leaving the Lumiere factory 1895, showed the people moving through the frame and off the edge. The most important element of the film frame is mise-en-scene, a theatrical term. Both are depended on each other. It means everything which is put into the scene, or what we find in the film space. The frame along with the set design, camera and character movement, lighting and even sound, everything combined together form the mise-en-scene. And this mise-en-scene helps in the formation of the composition. Mise-en-scene can be defined as the articulation of the cinematic space, and it is only concerned about the space.  [24]   On the film set it creates an illusion of the reality or fantasy. The setting of the film is an important aspect of the mise-e-scene. It includes the shapes, designs and color of the film set. Colour also helps in the development of the narrative. It is used as a symbol. A set can be artificially constructed for an indoor shot or manipulated in the outdoor shot. Apart from the design and colour, props play an important role, in the development of the narrative. In the absence of the actors, they even tell a story and which are not possible in a theatre. They express certain mood, and say what is unsaid by the film narrative. the elements of the setting turns into motifs  [25]   Along with the props and costumes, the make up of the actors also furnishes the setting of the narrative. The props and costumes are also used for the film publicity, and they even help to turn certain characters into cult figures. Lighting is another aspect of the mise-en-scene, other than creating the illusion of reality, artificially producing light for an indoor shoot or day for night shoot, light along with colour and sometimes the prop creates the mood of his film. In the shot composition light and shadow works together. It helps in the development of the film space, sometimes maintaining continuity when camera movement takes place within a space. And at other times, different lighting helps to distinguish various spaces used in the film. I must say here that along with lighting sound also plays the same role. Light, colour and sound combined or individually can create suspense, horror, happiness and even loneliness. Light creates texture.Four major features of film lighting can be isolated are: its quality, direction source and colour. Light quality depending on its intensity creates a sharp or a soft image by diffusion. With the use of hard light the shadow becomes bold creating definite contours. Light along with the lens and camera angle can be used to manipulate the shape of an object to enhance a mood. the proper use of light can embellish and dramatize every object -Josef von Sternberg. As earlier film makers used the frontality of the characters to highlight their presence, to give them a central position, similarly light is used to keep certain character at the centre of attention. This technique is also used in theatre. The direction of light in the film space, creates the presence of an off screen space. This idea also developed from the influence of paintings from the Renaissance period. Every light has a point where it is brightest and a point towards which it wanders to lose itself completely.The journey of rays from that central core to the outposts of blackness is the adventure and drama of light.   [26]   Depending on the narrative, the film space is generally lit up by top lighting, backlighting, side lighting, and frontal lighting and under lighting. Backlighting creates a dreamy; fantasy image similarly under lighting is used to create a horror image. Different sources of light works together in the cinematic space to create the mental space of the spectators. Generally during a shoot three point lighting is used with key light (primary), fill light (secondary, softens the shadow) and backlight which highlights the character and separates it from the background thus creating depth. We have already discussed earlier how this method of lighting is use in Classical Hollywood cinema. Along with the direction, the source of the light on the film space creates an impact. For out door shoot during the day, we get the sun light, the sky light and the reflected light from the objects around. The lighting is natural and therefore the look is also natural. This light can be manipulated to give a bluish tone with the use of 85 filter and the light can be further controlled with the use of neutral density filters to avoid over or under exposure of the film. In the case of indoor shooting, it is obvious that artificial light is to be used even to give the reference of a natural source of light. Light is continuously measured and blended to create the ci nematic space. Here I want to say that though the basic reason for the use of lighting in a cinematic space is similar to theatrical space but the technique is different. This is because lighting in the theatrical space is more loud and dramatic whereas in the film space it is subtle. From all the information that I have acquired and the knowledge that I have gained, I therefore say that light is a language through which we can also tell a story. Its use is dynamic and is very important in the cinematic space. Only through light, we can see the film space. Mise-en-scene helps the character to express feelings and thoughts. The movement of the actors, their action, everything gets enhanced by the presence of the mise-en scene. Even acting in the cinematic space is different from the theatre. Cinematic space creates an illusion, where the screen frame acts as the window but the actors never stairs at the window; they do not stare back at the audience, unless and until it is required by the film narrative. So through the presence of the actors, the way they move, talk, behave provides the film with an illusory realistic space. When we take a shot, the space in front of the camera is two dimensional when we take the shot, it remains the same but when the film is projected, and we see it on the screen, we see a three dimensional space and this space is enhanced through certain aspects of the mise-en-scene like colour, balance, size and movement. In a static set the movement of certain objects draws the attention. Colour can enhance certain mood. We know that it is used as a symbol. It can refer to different time space or change of space. The balance in placing the figure is also important. It determines the attention of the viewers. Size work in relation to the movement, colour and balance. The size of the objects creates the illusion of depth, where the objects in the foreground are generally larger in size and the objects in the background are small. The closer the object, it is more in focus. The depth creates a volume in the space. A different plane of the shot gets established due to the use of depth wh ich creates the illusion of space. A film suggests volume by the use of movement, shape and shading.  [27]   Mise-en-scene can control not only what we look at also when we look at it.  [28]   It creates a sense of movement in time. Mise-en-scene helps to compose the film shot in space and time. Inside the film space, therefore it is the mise-en-scene which creates the cinematic space using both the onscreen and off-screen space and it is this cinematic space which creates the illusion of a real world or a fantasy world. The film narrative does not work with space alone but space and time. Time is ever changing and space also keeps evolving. Leaving aside, all the scientific reasons for the evolution of space, what I think that a space evolves with time only with the intervention of a man. It evolves in the imagination of the man. The cinematic space is an example of this space. Other than cinema this space can also be created through literature, music, dance, painting and even food. We prefer more of this cinematic space other than where we belong to, because it incorporates our likes and dislikes, keeping in mind that it is our own creation. In dealing with the space and time in a film, it is necessary to study their unity within a shot and between two shots. It is not possible to visualize time on a screen without any action or movement in the space. Movement in reality is continuous but movement on the screen is discontinuous and is achieved very quickly by a series of still photographs.  [29]   In a film the dimensions of space and time cam be manipulated and this has become easier with the digital techniques. Slow or fast motion is used by changing the film speed. This manipulated space is artificial. From the early years of human civilization, paintings, sculptures have evolved as a language. A visual language, which can preserve itself. It creates its own memory. With the coming of industrialization and modernity, photography became more popular. Its basic function or utility is to freeze a moment, capture it and create a memory. Cinema moves a step ahead. It not only captures a specific a moment, but a period of time  [30]   It is som

Turkey :: essays research papers fc

Because of the war women gained the right to vote to vote. In 1946, the multiparty era began. A military junta seized power and governed from 1960 to 1961. In 1961, a new constitution was ratified, and elections began. The 70’s were a time of political violence and economic uncertainty. Because of this, in 1980 a second junta was formed, which instituted martial law and abolished all political parties. The second junta was dissolved because of a new constitution, adopted in 1982. Turkey then became a republican parliamentary democracy. The country of Turkey is a republic led by an elected president, which is similar to our country. Their president is H. E. Ahmet Necdet Sezer. He is the commander- in- chief of the armed forces, he is presiding officer at cabinet meetings, and the head of state. The Executive branch is made up of the chief of state, which is President Ahmet Necdet Sezer; the head of government is Prime Minister Bulent, who represents the majority party or coali tion in Parliament. The cabinet consist of Council of Ministers appointed by the President. The cabinet members are nominated by the Prime Minister and elected by the President. The President of Turkey is elected by the Grand National Assembly for a seven year term. All citizens over 20 years old are entitled to vote. The legislatue of the country is the Grand National Assembly, which is the Parliament of Turkey. They have the power to make laws, ratify treaties, and declare war. But unlike our Congress they are an unicameral legislature. This means that they only have one house of legislature. The Grand National Assembly consist of two chambers, the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly consist of 450 members, who are elected for 4 year terms by the people. The Senate has 150 members, plus 40 others who are not elected, but appointed as members for life. The elections were last held April 18, 1999. The seats held by varies parties are subject to change due to defe ctions, creation of new parties, and ouster or death of sitting deputies, as of January 1, 1999. They receive their power from the Constitution of 1982. The Assembly is headed by the Prime Minister, Bulent Ecevit. Parliament in Turkey’s electoral system are elected according to the proportion of votes they attract, rather then with the most votes won. A party needs 10% of the national vote before it can be considered for a seat in Parliament.

Junk Food Industry and Obesity

â€Å"In the U. S. obesity rates have risen from 14% in 1978 to 31% in 2000†¦according to WHO/FAO in 2001, chronic diseases resulting largely from poor diet contributed to 60% of the 56 million reported deaths worldwide† (Lang & Heasman 2004:53). Both Canadian and American citizens alike spend vast amounts of their money on food and a significant percentage of that money is spent on low-nutrition foods such as fast foods and processed foods. Being the cash cow that it is, the capitalist food system has provided the opportunity for corporations to profit numerous types of junk foods (fast & processed foods containing high sugar, salt, fat). According to Robert Albritton’s (2009:90) â€Å"Let Them Eat Junk,† he argues that â€Å"the consumption of junk foods is not the only cause of obesity, but it is doubtless a major cause†¦[and] obesity is something that we allow to happen, and while there may be many causes, [he] would argue that the primary cause is a capitalist food system that we have allowed to subject us. † This essay will further extend on that argument and examine that the growing trend of obesity is caused by the fundamental principle of the capitalist food system, which is to profit from selling junk foods without considering the health consequences associated with it. Examining why consumers eat junk food in a sociological perspective, the financial incentives associated with selling junk foods in a capitalist perspective, and the health problems/consequences from the consumption of junk foods will be explored. A solution will be provided in attempts to rectify the growing trend of obesity due to junk foods. It is vital that we also look into the health implications as a result of the consumption of junk foods. Most notably, the greatest risk being obesity. Public health is an important factor in today’s society. Billions of dollars are spent on health care all over the world. At the same time, about the same amount of money is being put into a system that deters the health of millions of citizens every year (Adams 2005). In the present, the junk food industry is becoming a focal point in controversy surrounding its impact on public health. For example, â€Å"many blame fast food businesses for public health concerns, arguing that fast-food choices and large portion sizes contribute to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and a variety of other diet-related problems† (Adams 2005). In 2002, director Morgan Spurlock subjected himself to a diet based only in McDonald's fast food three times a day for thirty days and without working out. His objective was to prove why most of the Americans are so fat, with many cases of obesity (IMDB). He gained about 18 pounds over the course of the experiment, experienced mood swings, loss of sex drive, and nearly catastrophic liver damage. Spurlock’s body fat composition increased by 7 percent, his cholesterol went up 60 points, and his blood pressure rose from 120/80 to 150/100. Shortly after Mr. Spurlock’s revelations about his fast-food experiment, the Associated Press reported that McDonald’s was phasing out its super size menu options (Hagloch 2005). â€Å"Super Size Me† (name of the documentary) was a great example of how junk food affects the general public and is also an indication that the junk food industry, motivated by profits and shareholder interests, has ignored its responsibilities to the consuming public. It is clear that there is a huge demand for junk foods and that corporations thrive on this demand by creating more and more junk foods. As a result, there are health consequences such as obesity. Solutions to reduce obesity should be one of the main concerns in today’s society, however, to completely rid junk foods entirely need not be one of the solutions. The junk food industry plays a significant role in stimulating the North American economies. â€Å"Three-quarters of all Americans live within three miles of a McDonald’s, and two-thirds live within three miles of a KFC, Pizza Hut or Taco Bell fast food restaurant. † (Albritton 2009:98). In addition, supermarkets in North America are one of the most popular destinations for consumers to do most of their shopping. Supermarkets play a major role in the American food regime since that is where 40% of all food is purchased. Supermarkets typically sell a high proportion of highly processed, highly packaged and highly transported foods. In other words, supermarkets are largely purveyors of unsustainable petrofoods and unhealthy processed foods† (Albritton 2009:120). Given that junk foods are a signific ant contributor to the North American economies, it would be unwise to completely abolish the production and sales of junk food in order to solve the obesity epidemic. Rather, there should be more of an educational solution to fight against obesity. With the high demand for junk foods due to the fast-paced lifestyle in North America and for the availability of these foods provided by corporations that strive to gain profits, it is no surprise that junk food is one of the leading causes of obesity in North America today. As Robert Albritton (2009:90) pointed out, â€Å"†¦the primary cause is a capitalist food system that we have allowed to subject us. Although the junk food industry is significantly vital towards the stability of the North American economies, it would be unwise to rid the production and sales of junk foods entirely. Instead, the use of subsidy dollars to invest into nutritional awareness programs and the reduction in portion sizes for fast and processed foods are recommended options to prevent obesity. These steps may not on its own prevent obesity, however, these are one of many important steps in fighting against the obesity epidemic today and for future generations.

Christmas Tree Worm Facts

Christmas Tree Worm Facts The Christmas Tree Worm is a colorful marine worm with beautiful, spiraling plumes that resemble a fir tree. These animals can be a variety of colors, including  red, orange, yellow, blue and white. The Christmas tree shape shown in the image is the animals radioles, which can be up to about 1 1/2 inches in diameter. Each worm has two of these plumes, which are used for feeding and respiration. The rest of the worms body is in a tube in the coral, which is formed after the larval worm settles on the coral and then the coral grows around the worm.The worms  legs (parapodia) and bristles (chatae) protected within the tube are about twice as large as the portion of the worm visible above the coral.   If it worm feels threatened, it can withdraw into its tube to protect itself. Classification: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: AnnelidaClass: PolychaetaSubclass: CanalipalpataOrder: SabellidaFamily: SerpulidaeGenus: Spirobranchus Habitat of the Christmas Tree Worm The Christmas tree worm lives on tropical coral reefs throughout the world, in relatively shallow waters less than 100 feet deep. They seem to prefer certain coral species.   The tubes that Christmas tree worms live in can be up to about 8 inches long and are constructed of calcium carbonate.The worm produces the tube by excreting calcium carbonate that it obtains from ingesting sand grains and other particles that contain calcium. The tube may be much longer than the  worm, which is thought to be an adaptation that allows the worm to withdraw fully into its tube when it needs protection. When the worm withdraws into the tube, it can seal it tight using a trapdoor-like structure called an operculum. This operculum is equipped with spines to fend off predators. Feeding The Christmas tree worm feeds by trapping plankton and other small particles on their plumes. Cilia then pass the food to the worms mouth. Reproduction There are male and female Christmas tree worms. They reproduce by sending eggs and sperm into the water. These gametes are created within the worms abdominal segments. Fertilized eggs develop into larvae that live as plankton for nine to 12 days and then settle on coral, where they produce a mucus tube that develops into a calcareous tube. These worms are thought to be capable of living over 40 years. Conservation Christmas tree worm populations are thought to be stable. While they arent harvested for food, they are popular with divers and underwater photographers and may be harvested for the aquarium trade. Potential threats to the worms include habitat loss, climate change and ocean acidification, which could affect their ability to build their calcareous tubes. The presence or absence of a healthy Christmas tree worm population can also indicate the health of the coral reef.   Sources De Martini, C. 2011. : Christmas Tree WormSpirobranchus sp.. Great Barrier Reef Invertebrates. University of Queensland. Accessed November 29, 2015Frazer, J. 2012. The Overlooked Joy of the Christmas Tree Worm. Scientific American. Accessed November 28, 2015.Hunte, W., Marsden, J.R. and B.E. Conlin. 1990. Habitat selection in the tropical polychaete Spirobranchus giganteus. Marine Biology 104:101-107.Kurpriyanova, E. 2015. Exploring the Diversity of Christmas Treet Worms in Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs. Australian Museum. Accessed November 28, 2015.Nishi, E. and M. Nishihira. 1996. Age-estimation of the Christmas tree worm Spirobranchus giganteus (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) living buried in the coral skeleton from the coral-growth band of the host coral. Fisheries Science 62(3):400-403.NOAA National Ocean Service. What Are Christmas Tree Worms?NOAA Encyclopedia of the Sanctuaries. Christmas Tree Worm.SeaLifeBase. (Pallas, 1766): Christmas Tree WormSpirobranchus giganteus. Accessed November 29, 2015. University of Queensland.  Great Barrier Reef Invertebrates: Spirobranchus giganteus.

Patron and Matron

Patron and Matron Patron and Matron Patron and Matron By Mark Nichol As Latin scholars may recognize, patron and matron are cognate with the Latin words for â€Å"mother† and â€Å"father.† However, their senses, and those of inflectional forms of these words, extend beyond the immediately family. Patron, which means â€Å"sponsor† or â€Å"supporter,† ultimately derives from the Latin term pater, meaning â€Å"father,† but the senses of its intermediate form, patronus, are â€Å"bestower,† â€Å"lord,† and â€Å"master† as well as â€Å"model† and â€Å"pattern.† (Pattern, as a matter of fact, stems from patron, the identical French forebear of the English word.) Because of the diversity of definitions, a patron can be a wealthy philanthropist who supports an artistic endeavor or a social cause or a mere customer of a business establishment. The similar-looking term patroon, a Dutch variation on the French word, denotes in historical American English usage a landholder in Dutch colonial territories in what is now the northeastern United States. Patronage applies in either sense to the act of being a patron. Likewise, patronize has a dual meaning: In its positive connotation, it simply describes being a customer, but it also has the pejorative sense of â€Å"condescend,† or â€Å"look down on,† from the notion of a person of higher social status arrogantly regarding someone of supposedly inferior standing. Two words that contain the letter sequence seen in patron but are descended directly from pater are patronym (literally, â€Å"father’s name†) and patronymic (literally, â€Å"from the father’s name†); the latter is both a noun and an adjective. Matron, from the Latin word mater by way of matron, meaning â€Å"married woman,† also has modern senses that deviate from its familial origins: The word now signifies a woman with a mature demeanor and high social status, though the adjective matronly derogatorily suggests someone of a certain age and a certain bulk. In a wedding party, however, a married maid of honor is called a matron of honor regardless of age or size. Historically, a female supervisor in a public institution such as a prison or a school was called a matron, and in animal husbandry, a matron is the female equivalent of a stud. Matronym and matronymic are the female equivalents of patronym and patronymic. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyHyper and Hypo7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

The Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG - Case Study Example The practice of bribery is perceived advantageous to parties involved since it enables them acquire business gains without having to meet expected standards, developing relationship with foreign officials or being favored by potential customers. In other instances, they can also benefits from reduction of the payouts involved, thereby resulting to increased profitability for the company. Other benefits derived by these companies from the practice of bribery are such as opportunity cost since money offered as a bribe in not considered to be in productive use. Siemens AG was involved in a case of corruption that involved bribery in 2006 and 2007, whereby this scandal involved company’s employees, who had established slush fund meant for facilitating acquisition of contracts. For instance, Siemens managers were convicted of embezzling company funds amounting to six million pounds in order to bribe foreign officials to acquire a contract involving natural-gas turbine (Akana, 1). H owever, the perception of the executives towards this case was that getting involved in bribery practice was worth it, since the employees were willing to break the law in order to gather huge profits. Other employees argued that this act was not a violation of any laws since it did not result to any personal gain; instead, it was aimed at enhancing Siemens’ positioning strategy. Nonetheless, their notions were not rational since breaking the law can never be for the right purpose; thus, despite, focusing on the benefits that to be derived from practice of bribery for the Company. Question number 2: Was the Board right in not extending Kleinfeld’s term even though he had performed well and was not personally implicated and explain? What virtuous and/or virtuous behaviors did he show with observable facts? Decision of board whereby they failed to extend Kleinfeld’s term can be considered personal due to lack of rational reason associated with the bribery scandal. This judgment is made based on considerations of the challenges that Kleinfeld was faced with as the CEO willing to rescue the company from the bribery scandal in order to sustain their growth. On the other hand, Kleinfeld had gained confidence on issues such as labor and management in the Siemens AG. Besides, there is need to understand that the scandal caused by bribery practice was not entirely Kleinfeld’s fault; in fact, employees were the once involved in the practice. The entire company should have taken the blame; instead of laying the whole burden on the CEO. The board should have considered that engagement into these practices was due to the influence increasing competition among companies, hence these illegal payments aimed at winning international contract was the only option for these employees in the emerging economies. Furthermore, Kleinfeld was not directly implicated in the scandal; thus, by the fact that he was responsible for behaviors of the employees, thi s case was out of his control. In fact, Kleinfeld was unaware of the unlawful practices that employees were engaging in within the company. In addition, the practice of bribery was hard to notice since there was commonality of spending funds amounting to four hundred and twenty million and they were unnoticeable or unquestionable (Akana, 1). Kleinfeld’

Project report Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report - Statistics Project Example The value of the correlation coefficient between sales per square metre and number of part-timers is about 0.0501. This suggests a very weak (or negligible) positive linear relationship between sales per square metre and number of part-timers. As shown in figure 3, there appears a positive linear relationship between sales per square metre and total number of hours worked. The value of the correlation coefficient between sales per square metre and total number of hours worked is about 0.2630. This suggests a weak positive linear relationship between sales per square metre and total number of hours worked. Figure 4 shows the scatterplot between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store. As shown in figure 4, there appears a negative linear relationship between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store. The value of the correlation coefficient between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store is about -0.2938. This suggests a weak negative linear relationship between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = 4.871 is greater than 1.966, we reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is a significant relationship between sales and number of full-timers. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = 1.000 is in-between 1.966 and -1.966 (non-rejection region), we do not reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is no significant relationship between sales and number of part-timers. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = 5.438 is greater than 1.966, we reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is a significant relationship between sales and total number of hours worked. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = -6.132 is less than -1.966, we reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is a significant

ISMG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ISMG - Essay Example Atkins, and many others in the MDCM IT department were already aware of this. MDCM, Inc. Strategic IT Portfolio Management, Page 2. During the meeting there were many options made available to the IT department. The IT department would implement new strategies in an effort to cut costs, and save the company money. McMullen has found blame for the companies loss of revenue in the previous five quarters on the IT department. McMullen hired Atkins to begin an assessment of the IT department, and to help the company begin posting profits again as soon as possible. Atkins began his position with an internal audit of the IT department. Some of the options discussed in the meeting were to create a company email. Every personnel who needed to communicate would be given their own email address. With a just one email address for everyone in the company this will filter out possible important information being filtered to the junk folder by the recipients email provider. The company was going t o an overhaul the computer system within the organization. The company was going to update all computers throughout. Every computer would then operate with the same operating system. With the computers operate with the same operating system the computer would be compatible with each other. Currently there are computers with four types of operating systems. The computers are not compatible with each other. ... The company will also create a website. The website will allow customers to order products directly from the site with no need to contact a representative in the organization. The website will allow a customer to leave an email message, and to contact the company if necessary. The company will implement new strategies for the different offices too effectively, and efficiently communicate with one another. The company will cut some of the labor force. The United States division of the company currently has the largest work force. The company will begin to eliminate some of the jobs. Every position the company eliminates will help the company save money. The company wanted to assess the situation, and develop the most effective solution to the company’s current situation. The company will use the savings of cutting some of the positions and appropriate the funds to the Information Technology department. Atkins requested an increase in the budget for the IT department. The compan y found they could not increase the current budget of the IT department without cutting costs elsewhere. The company, Atkins, and the leaders of the IT department have developed the strategy to cut some of the positions and re appropriate the funds to the IT department budget. With the extra funds available to the IT department the company will be permitted to implement the strategies, and recommendations made by Atkins, and other leaders of the IT department. When the company implements one network, this will be beneficial to the company. There can possibly be a strong financial gain to incorporating one network. In having only one network, the associates in France will communicate more efficiently, and effectively. The network will be one, so there will be no compatibility

Buddhism- Critical Thinking Paper Essay Example for Free

Buddhism- Critical Thinking Paper Essay October 3, 2011 Buddhism- Critical Thinking Paper Part One: Origin Buddhism was founded by Prince Siddhartha Gautama. His father the king kept him sheltered from the world. He never witnessed sadness, hungry, pain, or the aging. On four occasions he had visions of people sick, hungry and dying. After having the visions he left his family and his home to go out to experience the world on the â€Å"Great Renunciation†. For six years he had very little to eat or drink. Finally one day while sitting under a fig tree, (Bodhi-tree of wisdom). He was enlightened about the way life should be. He had reached nirvana (the highest level of knowledge). Once he reached nirvana he changed his name to Buddha (meaning: the Enlightened One). Identity Buddha gave the Sermon at Benares to share what he had discovered during his meditation under the fig tree (Bodhi-the tree of wisdom). He thought the Four Nobles and Eightfold Noble Path. His belief was if you stopped desire you would not suffer. You can obtain what is called the Middle Way when you use moderation. This is to keep you from desire. Meaning The meaning of Buddhism is to find inner peace. To be removed from life’s desires. Morality There is a sense of morality in Buddhism. It is taught not commit adultery, or to steal, or to lie. They look at stealing and adultery as somewhat the same. To commit adultery is like stealing someone else’s partner. Destiny The destiny for a Buddhist is to reach nirvana, totally enlightened and to be wise about life. Buddhism- Critical Thinking Paper Part two: Origin Buddhism was founded by an Asian prince who was on a six year quest for knowledge and wisdom. Christianity was created by God though his inspired words, through prophets and the teachings of Jesus. Identity Buddhism’s identity is peace and wisdom.

Disciplinary Actions From the Employee Perspective

Disciplinary Actions From the Employee Perspective Background to the Study Managing a group of people in a workplace is a complex task. Organizational leaders are familiar with the complexities that are innate in handling an organization. An example of a difficult inevitable occurrence in managing an organization is conflict. It represents a struggle between two opposing ideas. With this existence, conflicts between a manager and an employee are most likely a continuous encounter in the workplace. Ensuring a sound relationship between the management and employees depends upon how it is regulated by the manager. One of the conditions for maintaining such relationship is that employees should uphold a particular performance and behavioral standards. (Jegadeesan G, 2008). Should the employees do not comply with these standards, it is assumed that disciplinary measures are enforced to improve their performance and maintain the healthy relationship. However, if the employees do not agree with the manner of implementing disciplinary actions, it can have an adverse effect on the rapport between the manager and the employees. It is believed that the most unpleasant role of an organizational leader is to institute a disciplinary action to an erring employee (Franklin and Pagan, 2006). Although the goal is to modify the employees undesirable behaviors, their decisions are often subjected to opposing personal interpretations. At STI, the organizational relationship is directed by the general policies provided by the STI Educational Services group to its member schools through the school administrators. A disciplinary action is instituted to employees who failed to meet the rules, meriting the imposition of a penalty. The schools disciplinary guideline values the use of a progressive and positive discipline, which aims to correct the behavior of its employees. It is imposed to the offending employee after the disciplinary committee has made their final verdict. In my experiences as a member of the disciplinary committee, I have observed that employees, whether they are recipients or observers of disciplinary actions, have various opinions with regard to our disciplinary practices. These opinions need to be examined and scrutinized in order to identify possible disorders that may complicate the organizational stability. Nature of the Problem It is the purpose of a disciplinary process to preserve a healthy relationship between employees and managers for an organization to perform well. Both parties are expected to abide by the prevailing regulations. Disciplinary policies are in place to serve as a guide to an orderly conduct in the workplace in order to achieve the organizational goal. (Gatchalian and Lumiqued, 2005). The situation in which the employee commits misbehavior may vary in the same way that the manager may also handle an individual situation in different ways that is commensurate to the situation. However, the method in which the manager executes the disciplinary action may produce various opinions from the employees. It can go with or contradict with the managers perception. These opinions should not be taken for granted for it may result to future problems in the organizational relationship. The credibility of the disciplinary process should be maintained in order to preserve the strong rapport between the manager and the employees. In order to verify the credibility of the process, it is necessary to identify the perspective of the employees about the disciplinary process. While several studies have been made about proper control of employee misconducts, little is known about how disciplined employees react about the implementation of the disciplinary systems. (Greer and Labig, 1987). It is on this premise that I am convinced to explore this topic more extensively using a qualitative method to examine how disciplined employees actually think and feel about the discipline experiences. This study will consist of the exploration and description of the employees experience of disciplinary procedures at STI College Koronadal City Inc. After determining their views, problem areas will be identified for use as basis in improving disciplinary practices in the workplace. Statement of the Problem General: How do employees view the disciplinary process at STI College Koronadal City Inc.? Specific: What are the disciplinary practices implemented in the workplace? What are the different opinions of employees about the way the disciplinary actions are implemented? What are the preferences of employees in relation to the process of investigating employee misconduct? Significance of the Study For the school administrators, the information from this study can be used in identifying the loopholes and problem areas in developing a strategic plan for the improvement of employee discipline practices in the workplace. For the supervisors/managers, The information from this study can be used to direct the choice of relevant strategies to be implemented. For researchers, the result of this study will also add to the current facts and provide a general source for further research on the topic. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study will use the exploratory method to describe the views of employees about the disciplinary practices at STI College Koronadal City Inc. The reactions will be measured primarily through interviews and document reviews. It will be limited to rank and file employees. Such constraints will permit the researcher to employ a thorough exploration of the problems abovementioned. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Employee Discipline Despite the motivational training programs and development of positive work settings, it is believed that not all employees perform according to the acceptable behaviors set by the organization (Hughes, and Tomkiewicz, 1992). The occurrence of organizational misbehaviors is dependent on the opinions of employees towards the organization. If they believe that their organization is fair, it is unlikely that employees will commit misbehaviors (De Schrijver, Delbeke, Maesschalck and Pleysier, 2010).Discipline is an action that must be constantly exercised to rehabilitate employees misbehavior due to violation of work policy and standards. Disciplinary guidelines are used for maintaining the work standard that must be imparted to employees through proper communication. Employee disciplinary processes has transformed over time. In the pursuit of improving these practices, it has evolved from the traditional to the modern systems. The traditional autocratic imposition of punishment has transformed into new methods, where the non-compliant employee is given a chance to improve his behavior. Progressive and positive discipline is one of the modern disciplinary systems that use counseling instead of penalty. Its primary goal is to help the employee acknowledge the faults in his or her performance and is given the chance to improve it. (Chimezie, Osigweh, and Hutchison, 2006). Disciplinary Practices One of the most significant functions of a manager is to make disciplinary decisions. Most managers possibly consider that it is biased to discipline employees for outcomes over which they have no control. The probable significant factor in the decision-making process is attributions, which possibly of particular importance to the managers who value fairness. (Judge and Martocchio, 1995). Managers employ varied procedures in making their decisions when addressing disciplinary cases. By employing a policy-capturing approach, Klaas and Wheeler (1990) pointed out three factors that have possible contribution to the cause of disciplinary problem such as managerial provocation, personal problems and tenure. Environmental occurrences such as economic, institutional and hierarchical were also considered. It was found out that the institutional factor has the largest effect on personnel managers decision. On the other hand, personal problems, tenure, and the economic implications of the decision had more limited influence on managerial decisions. Using the same approach, the results of another study made by Klaas and Wheeler (1992), showed that there is a relative importance of the social and institutional standards to the disciplinary decisions made by supervisors. The findings were based on the six factors used as basis in making disciplinary decisions. These factors were i dentified as performance decrement, documented warning, waiver, tenure, past performance, and the manner of the employee. The effects of these factors were scrutinized to gather perceptions as to the extent to which key social and institutional standards influence disciplinary decisions and subsequently develop nascent rights for employees. For Franklin and Pagan (2003), their study on the variation in the practice of employee discipline, showed that issues such as sector, existence of unions, human resource department support have impact on the managers decision in choosing disciplinary approaches on the assumption that the organizations uses consistency in their use of disciplinary actions. The existence of some of the abovementioned issues motivate the managers to conform to formal disciplinary policy. In another study, Franklin and Pagan (2006) posited culture as an influential factor in making disciplinary decisions. They presented two groups of factors that have causal effects on discipline practices: Tangible and intangible factors. The former describes the formal practices the organization wishes to follow and the latter provide indications why informal strategies appear as successful practices for getting things done. A recommended hypothesis using the idea of organizational culture was suggested to confirm the validity of the supposed influence of culture on decisions pertaining to employee discipline. Disciplinary Experiences in the workplace Greer and Labig (1987) stated that limited researches were made about employee reactions to disciplinary actions. Their exploratory study about employee reactions to disciplinary actions revealed that the manner in which the disciplinary action is instituted seems to greatly influence emotional response and affect the manager-employee relationship. The foregoing positive relationship will seem to deteriorate due to the implementation of a disciplinary action. However, when the discipline is instituted in a pleasant way, it is unlikely that adverse employee reactions will occur. In a qualitative study made by Atwater, Leanne E., Waldman, David A., Carey James A., and Cartier, Priscilla. (2001), on recipients and observers of disciplinary process, results showed a positive perception about discipline from the two categorized groups but they may also lose respect for the one who instituted the discipline, following development of negative attitudes towards the organization as a result of the discipline. They have also the tendency to regard the experience as unfair, when it is used for informal rather than to formal rule violations. In the exploratory study using the internal dynamics of disciplinary process made by Rollinson, Handley, Hook and Foot (2007) about The Disciplinary Experience and its Effects on Behavior, it was tentatively concluded that half of those formally disciplined will internalize the rules and the other half have the inclinations of breaking the rules. These behaviors were said to be caused by first; conditioning by punishment paradigm, where punishment stimuli is ineffective in influencing the behavior. The second cause is attributed to the managerial styles that have created impressions of motives of retaliation on the disciplined person. Suggestive Definition Alternative Investigation : refers to other possible choices in conducting inquiry Process about disciplinary problems. Causes of Misbehavior : refers to the reasons why a an organizational misbehavior is committed. Discipline : refers to the state of employee self-control and orderly conduct observed in an organization. Disciplinary action : refers to the act of implementing a corrective measures to an employee who has committed an organizational misbehavior. Disciplinary attitudes : refers to the outlook of an employee towards discipline. Disciplinary experiences : refers to an exposure or observation of a person to a disciplinary action. Disciplinary process : refers to the period between the recording of misbehavior and the decision at a disciplinary committee hearing. Organizational Misbehavior : are actions by organizational members that violates the organizational and social norms. Progressive discipline : a procedure in which harder penalties is implemented for repeated disciplinary misconducts. It usually starts with an oral warning, then written warning, followed by suspension and finally dismissal. Chapter 3 Research Design This study will use a phenomenological research method to present and interpret the data which will prevent and control possible biases. It will explore and describe the employees experiences of disciplinary procedures at STI College Koronadal City Inc. A literature review of on the views of Employee Discipline, and studies about Disciplinary Practices and Disciplinary Experiences in the workplace will be done. From this review, this study will identify the premise of the disciplinary process which will form the bases of the questions for the interview. The opinions of employees about progressive disciplinary approach such as warning, reprimand and suspension will be given emphasis. Moreover, pertinent data sources such as STI disciplinary rules, government legislations and observations made during interviews will also be considered. Locale of the Study The study will be conducted at STI College Koronadal City Inc. because the respondents are employees of this educational organization. It runs under a franchising agreement with the STI Educational Services Group. The organization started its operation as an education center in 1998 and became a full college in 2009. This organization has two branches; the main branch is located at Koronadal City and the other at Tacurong City. Currently, it has 70 employees and more than a thousand students in both TESDA and CHED Programs. Respondents and Sampling The respondents of the study are those employees holding the rank and file positions who are recipients and observers of the disciplinary procedures practiced in the organization. Since these employees are not in managerial positions, they are normally susceptible for exposure to the disciplinary process. The views of employees about progressive disciplinary approach such as warning, reprimand and suspension will be given importance in the study. Data Collection Strategies The primary instrument to be used in this study will be an interview protocol which I will develop. Two employees who have experiences of disciplinary procedure and two employees who are observers of the disciplinary procedure will be invited to an interview. The questions will be open-ended so that it will lessen any guiding of the participants responses. There will be reminders to be prepared for the questions to guarantee that detailed idea of the research questions will be addressed. Important data sources will also be considered for the purpose of the study, such as document reviews and field notes recorded from observations taken during the interviews. All interviews will be recorded using an MP3 recorder. Individual recorded interviews will be extracted from the MP3 recorder and then electronically stored into a computers hard drive. Folders will be created with proper labels which will contain the individual recordings. After each interview, the recordings will be played and then transcribed. Field notes will also be transcribed and stored in the same manner as the recorded audio interviews (Groenewald, 2004). Data Analysis Initially, the data will be recorded using an interview protocol. The audio recordings of the interview will be repeatedly played and then transcribed and reviewed to get the main idea. The interesting information in the interview will be analyzed to determine its underlying meaning. Ideas will be noted and will be transformed into themes which reflect their meaning. This process will be repeated for all interviews. Similar themes will be compiled and grouped together (Groenewald, 2004). References: Atwater, Leanne E., Waldman, David A., Carey James A., and Cartier, Priscilla. Recipient and observer reactions to discipline: are managers experiencing wishful thinking? [Abstract]. 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